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Ch 09 - Hydrocarbons11th Chemistry
Classification of Hydrocarbons
Based on the types of carbon-carbon bonds, what are the three main categories of open-chain and cyclic hydrocarbons?
Based on the types of carbon-carbon bonds, what are the three main categories of open-chain and cyclic hydrocarbons?
DISTINCTION
- Saturated Hydrocarbons: Contain only carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds (e.g., Alkanes, Cycloalkanes).
- Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds; either double bonds (Alkenes) or triple bonds (Alkynes).
- Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A special type of cyclic compound containing a highly stable, delocalized -electron system (e.g., Benzene).
Prism Memory Hook
SUA: Saturated, Unsaturated, Aromatic.
3D Structure of Alkanes
What is the hybridization, geometry, and standard bond angle of carbon atoms in alkanes?
What is the hybridization, geometry, and standard bond angle of carbon atoms in alkanes?
CONCEPT
- Hybridization: Every carbon atom in an alkane is hybridized.
- Geometry: They exhibit a tetrahedral geometry.
- Bond Angle: All H-C-H and C-C-H bond angles are strictly .
- Bond Lengths: The C-C bond length is 154 pm, and the C-H bond length is 112 pm.
Prism Memory Hook
A premium mnemonic for this topic is available in the Prism App.
Types of Carbon Atoms
How are carbon atoms in a branched alkane classified into Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary?
How are carbon atoms in a branched alkane classified into Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary?
DISTINCTION
- Primary (): A carbon atom attached to exactly one other carbon atom (terminal carbons).
- Secondary (): A carbon atom attached to two other carbon atoms.
- Tertiary (): A carbon atom attached to three other carbon atoms.
- Quaternary ( / Neo): A carbon atom attached to four other carbon atoms.
Prism Memory Hook
Count the Carbon Connections.
Also in this chapter
58 more cards to study in Prism
- 4Hydrogenation (Sabatier and Senderens Reaction)
- 5Staggered vs. Eclipsed Conformations
- 6Wurtz Reaction
- 7Boiling Points of Alkanes
- 8Decarboxylation of Sodium Salts
- 9Kolbe's Electrolytic Method
- 10Decomposition of Grignard Reagent
- 11Hydrolysis of Methanides
- 12Free Radical Halogenation: Initiation
- 13Reactivity Order of Halogenation in Alkanes
- 14General Combustion Equation for Alkanes
- 15Controlled Oxidation of Tertiary Alkanes
- 16Isomerisation of Alkanes
- 17Aromatization (Reforming) of Alkanes
- 18Pyrolysis (Cracking) of Alkanes
- 19Structure of the Carbon-Carbon Double Bond
- 20Cis vs. Trans Isomers: Physical Properties
- 21Preparation of cis-Alkenes (Lindlar's Catalyst)
- 22Preparation of trans-Alkenes (Birch Reduction)
- 23Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides
- 24Dehalogenation of Vicinal Dihalides
- 25Test for Unsaturation: Bromine Addition
- 26Markovnikov's Rule
- 27Anti-Markovnikov Addition (Kharash Effect)
- 28Ozonolysis of Alkenes
- 29Hydroxylation (Baeyer's Test)
- 303D Structure of Alkynes
- 31Industrial Preparation of Ethyne
- 32Dehydrohalogenation to Alkynes
- 33Acidic Character of Alkynes
- 34Reaction of Terminal Alkynes with Sodium
- 35Kucherov Reaction (Hydration of Alkynes)
- 36Cyclic Polymerisation to Benzene
- 37Hückel's Rule of Aromaticity
- 38Thermodynamic Stability of Benzene
- 39Preparation of Benzene: Reduction of Phenol
- 40Preparation of Benzene: Decarboxylation
- 41Aromatic Reactivity Preference
- 42Nitration of Benzene
- 43Halogenation of Benzene
- 44Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
- 45Friedel-Crafts Acylation
- 46Hexachlorocyclohexane Formation
- 47Ortho and Para Directing Groups
- 48Meta Directing Groups
- 49The Paradox of Halogens on Benzene
- 50Carcinogenicity of Polynuclear Hydrocarbons
- 51Reduction by Red Phosphorus and HI
- 52Clemmensen vs. Wolff-Kishner Reduction
- 53Controlled Oxidation: Methane to Methanol
- 54Controlled Oxidation: Methane to Methanal
- 55Controlled Oxidation: Ethane to Ethanoic Acid
- 56Torsional Strain in Alkanes
- 57Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes
- 58Alkene Oxidation: Cold vs. Hot $KMnO_4$
- 59Test for Terminal Alkynes (Ammoniacal $AgNO_3$)
- 60Test for Terminal Alkynes (Ammoniacal $Cu_2Cl_2$)
- 61LPG Composition and Odour
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