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Ch 04 - Psychological Disorders12th Psychology
The 'Four Ds' of Abnormality
What are the 'Four Ds' commonly used as a starting framework to define abnormal psychological behaviour?
What are the 'Four Ds' commonly used as a starting framework to define abnormal psychological behaviour?
CONCEPT
- Deviance: Behaviour that is extreme, unusual, and significantly different from societal norms.
- Distress: Behaviour that causes intense emotional pain and is upsetting to the individual or others.
- Dysfunction: Behaviour that severely interferes with the person's ability to carry out daily, constructive activities.
- Danger: Behaviour that poses a physical risk of harm to the person themselves or to those around them.
Prism Memory Hook
DDDD (Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger)
Social Norms vs. Maladaptive Approaches
How do the 'Social Norms' and 'Maladaptive' approaches to defining abnormal behaviour fundamentally differ?
How do the 'Social Norms' and 'Maladaptive' approaches to defining abnormal behaviour fundamentally differ?
DISTINCTION
- Social Norms Approach:
- Views abnormal behaviour strictly as a deviation from a society's stated or unstated rules for proper conduct.
- Highly culturally relative, meaning what is abnormal in one society may be perfectly normal in another.
- Maladaptive Approach:
- Views abnormal behaviour as actions that interfere with optimal functioning, well-being, and personal growth.
- Focuses on the individual's suffering and impairment rather than just societal acceptance.
Prism Memory Hook
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Stigma and Prejudice in Mental Health
What is the primary social barrier preventing individuals with psychological disorders from seeking clinical treatment?
What is the primary social barrier preventing individuals with psychological disorders from seeking clinical treatment?
CONCEPT
- The Stigma: Deeply rooted social stigma and prejudice falsely label individuals with psychological disorders as shameful, dangerous, or personally responsible for their condition.
- The Impact: This intense societal judgment creates immense self-doubt, leading patients to hide their symptoms and actively avoid seeking necessary clinical treatment out of fear of isolation.
- The Reality: Psychological disorders are legitimate medical/mental health conditions that require empathy and professional intervention, not moral condemnation.
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Also in this chapter
57 more cards to study in Prism
- 4Historical Supernaturalism: Exorcism
- 5The Organismic Approach
- 6Galen's Four Humours
- 7Greek Humours vs. Indian Tridoshas
- 8The Middle Ages and Demonology
- 9Johann Weyer's Renaissance Contribution
- 10Deinstitutionalisation
- 11Classification Systems: DSM-5 vs. ICD-10
- 12The Bio-Psycho-Social Approach
- 13The Diathesis-Stress Model
- 14Neurotransmitters and Abnormality
- 15Psychodynamic Model of Abnormality
- 16Behavioural Model of Abnormality
- 17Cognitive Model of Abnormality
- 18Humanistic vs. Existential Models
- 19Carl Jung on the Shadow Self
- 20Socio-Cultural Model: Enmeshed Family
- 21Concept of Anxiety
- 22Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- 23Panic Disorder
- 24Specific Phobias vs. Social Anxiety Disorder
- 25Subtypes of Specific Phobias
- 26Agoraphobia
- 27Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
- 28Obsession vs. Compulsion
- 29OCD-Related Disorders
- 30Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- 31Somatic Symptom vs. Illness Anxiety Disorder
- 32Conversion Disorder
- 33Dissociative Amnesia
- 34Dissociative Fugue
- 35Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
- 36Depersonalisation/Derealisation Disorder
- 37Major Depressive Disorder
- 38Risk Factors for Depression
- 39Bipolar I Disorder
- 40Bipolar Spectrum Disorders
- 41WHO Suicide Prevention Guidelines
- 42Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms
- 43Delusions of Persecution vs. Grandeur
- 44Delusions of Reference vs. Control
- 45Formal Thought Disorders
- 46Types of Hallucinations
- 47Schizophrenia: Negative Symptoms
- 48Catatonia (Psychomotor Symptoms)
- 49Historical Schizophrenia Subtypes
- 50Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- 51Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
- 52Intellectual Disability
- 53Specific Learning Disorder
- 54ODD vs. Conduct Disorder
- 55Anorexia Nervosa vs. Bulimia Nervosa
- 56Binge Eating Disorder
- 57Substance Use: Tolerance vs. Withdrawal
- 58Alcohol Addiction & Neurological Impact
- 59Heroin vs. Cocaine Abuse
- 60Hallucinogens vs. Stimulants
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12th Psychology
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