Ch 04 - Animal Kingdom11th Biology
Levels of Organisation
What are the four hierarchical levels of cellular organisation found in the Animal Kingdom, and which specific phyla exhibit them?
What are the four hierarchical levels of cellular organisation found in the Animal Kingdom, and which specific phyla exhibit them?
- Cellular Level: Cells are arranged as loose aggregates with some division of labour (e.g., Porifera).
- Tissue Level: Cells performing the same function are arranged into tissues (e.g., Coelenterata, Ctenophora).
- Organ Level: Tissues are grouped to form organs for specific functions (e.g., Platyhelminthes).
- Organ-System Level: Organs associate to form functional physiological systems (e.g., Aschelminthes to Chordata).
Prism Memory Hook
Organisation climbs: Cells (Porifera) -> Tissues (Cnidaria/Ctenophora) -> Organs (Platyhelminthes) -> Systems (Rest).
Circulatory System: Open vs. Closed
How does the physiological pathway of blood fundamentally differ between an open and closed circulatory system?
How does the physiological pathway of blood fundamentally differ between an open and closed circulatory system?
- Open Circulatory System: Blood is pumped out of the heart and the cells/tissues are directly bathed in it (e.g., Arthropods, Molluscs, Hemichordates).
- Closed Circulatory System: Blood is circulated strictly through a series of vessels of varying diameters (arteries, veins, and capillaries) (e.g., Annelids, Chordates).
Prism Memory Hook
A premium mnemonic for this topic is available in the Prism App.
Body Symmetry
Differentiate between Radial and Bilateral symmetry, and state the unique symmetry exception exhibited by Echinoderms.
Differentiate between Radial and Bilateral symmetry, and state the unique symmetry exception exhibited by Echinoderms.
- Radial Symmetry: Any plane passing through the central axis divides the organism into two identical halves (e.g., Coelenterates, Ctenophores).
- Bilateral Symmetry: The body can be divided into identical left and right halves in strictly only one plane (e.g., Annelids, Arthropods).
- Echinoderm Exception: Adult echinoderms exhibit radial symmetry, but their larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry.
Prism Memory Hook
CCE (Radial): Coelenterates, Ctenophores, Echinoderms (Adults).
Also in this chapter
48 more cards to study in Prism
- 4Diploblastic vs. Triploblastic
- 5Types of Coelom
- 6Schizocoelom vs. Enterocoelom
- 7Metameric Segmentation
- 8The Notochord
- 9Direct vs. Indirect Development
- 10Modes of Digestion in Lower Invertebrates
- 11Coelenterata: Cnidoblasts
- 12Porifera: Water Canal System
- 13Porifera: Choanocytes
- 14Porifera: Skeleton and Reproduction
- 15Coelenterata: Polyp vs. Medusa
- 16Metagenesis in Cnidarians
- 17Ctenophora: Comb Plates & Bioluminescence
- 18Platyhelminthes: Parasitic Adaptations
- 19Platyhelminthes: Flame Cells
- 20Aschelminthes: Anatomy & Excretion
- 21Annelida: Excretion & Neural System
- 22Aschelminthes: Sexual Dimorphism
- 23Annelida: Locomotion & Parapodia
- 24Arthropoda: Exoskeleton & Body Regions
- 25Arthropoda: Respiratory & Circulatory Organs
- 26Arthropoda: Excretion & Sensory Structures
- 27Echinodermata: Water Vascular System & Symmetry
- 28Arthropoda: Economic & Ecological Examples
- 29Mollusca: Body Plan & Mantle Cavity
- 30Hemichordata: Stomochord & Body Plan
- 31The Four Pillars of Chordata
- 32Chondrichthyes: Survival & Anatomy
- 33Urochordata vs. Cephalochordata
- 34Vertebrata: The Notochord Shift
- 35Osteichthyes vs. Chondrichthyes
- 36Evolution of Vertebrate Heart Chambers
- 37Specialized Organs in Marine Fishes
- 38Amphibia: Respiratory and Sensory Adaptations
- 39Poikilotherms vs. Homoiotherms
- 40Cyclostomata: Jawless Ectoparasites
- 41Mammalia: Defining Characteristics
- 42Reptilia: Heart Chamber Exception & Skin
- 43Aves (Birds): Flight & Metabolic Adaptations
- 44Aves: Skin Glands & Flightless Exceptions
- 45Amphibia: Limbless Exception
- 46Mammalian Exceptions: Oviparity
- 47Scientific Names: Marine Mammals
- 48Cnidarian Anatomy: Hypostome & Corals
- 49Sexuality in Annelids
- 50Echinodermata: Digestive Anatomy
- 51Osteichthyes: Habitat-based Classification
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