Ch 14 - Breathing and Exchange of Gases11th Biology
Breathing vs. Cellular Respiration
What is the fundamental biochemical and physiological distinction between breathing (ventilation) and cellular respiration?
What is the fundamental biochemical and physiological distinction between breathing (ventilation) and cellular respiration?
1. Breathing (Ventilation):
A strictly physical process of drawing atmospheric air into the lungs and expelling alveolar air. It involves bulk flow of gases and requires muscular effort, but no cellular ATP is produced by the process itself.
2. Cellular Respiration:
A biochemical, enzyme-driven intracellular process. Oxygen is utilized to catabolically break down respiratory substrates (like glucose), resulting in the release of ATP (energy), , and .
Prism Memory Hook
Breathing is the Physical Pump; Respiration is the Biochemical Battery.
Respiratory Organs in Invertebrates
How do lower invertebrates (like sponges), earthworms, and insects differ in their primary mechanisms of gaseous exchange?
How do lower invertebrates (like sponges), earthworms, and insects differ in their primary mechanisms of gaseous exchange?
- Lower Invertebrates (Sponges, Coelenterates, Flatworms): Exchange and by simple diffusion over their entire body surface.
- Earthworms: Utilize their moist cuticle for respiration (cutaneous respiration).
- Insects: Possess a complex network of tubes (tracheal tubes) to transport atmospheric air directly into the body cells.
Prism Memory Hook
SEC: Sponges (Surface), Earthworms (Cuticle), Insects (Tubes/Trachea)
Branchial vs. Pulmonary Respiration
Differentiate between branchial and pulmonary respiration, and identify the vertebrate class notable for utilizing both lungs and moist skin.
Differentiate between branchial and pulmonary respiration, and identify the vertebrate class notable for utilizing both lungs and moist skin.
- Branchial Respiration: Respiration via special vascularised structures called gills. Utilized by aquatic arthropods, molluscs, and fishes.
- Pulmonary Respiration: Respiration via vascularised bags called lungs. Utilized by terrestrial forms (reptiles, birds, mammals).
- Amphibians (e.g., frogs): Exhibit pulmonary respiration but can also respire through their moist skin (cutaneous respiration).
Prism Memory Hook
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Also in this chapter
40 more cards to study in Prism
- 4Direct vs. Indirect Respiration
- 5The Human Airway Pathway
- 6Larynx & Epiglottis
- 7Anatomy of Tracheal Rings
- 8Conducting vs. Exchange Parts
- 9Pleura and Pleural Fluid
- 10Anatomy of the Thoracic Chamber
- 11Cardiac Notch
- 12Mechanism of Inspiration
- 13Mechanism of Expiration
- 14Tidal Volume (TV)
- 15Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
- 16Inspiratory & Expiratory Reserve Volumes (IRV & ERV)
- 17Expiratory Capacity (EC)
- 18Residual Volume (RV)
- 19Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
- 20Vital Capacity (VC)
- 21Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
- 22Limitations of Spirometry
- 23The Diffusion Membrane
- 24Partial Pressures of Oxygen ($pO_2$)
- 25Partial Pressures & Solubility of Carbon Dioxide ($pCO_2$)
- 26Carbonic Anhydrase Mechanism
- 27Transport Percentages of O2 and CO2
- 28Exact Delivery Volumes of O2 & CO2
- 29Formation of Oxyhaemoglobin
- 30Oxygen Dissociation Curve
- 31Bohr Effect vs. Haldane Effect
- 32Neural Regulation of Respiration
- 33Chemical Regulation of Respiration
- 34Asthma
- 35Emphysema
- 36Occupational Respiratory Disorders
- 37Carbon Monoxide Toxicity
- 38Hypoxia and Its Types
- 39High Altitude Compensation
- 40Chloride Shift (Hamburger Phenomenon)
- 41Hering-Breuer Reflex
- 42Cofactor of Carbonic Anhydrase
- 43Structure of Haemoglobin
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