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Ch 05 - Learning11th Psychology
Introduction: Learning
How is 'learning' formally defined in psychology?
How is 'learning' formally defined in psychology?
DEFINITION
- Definition: Any relatively permanent change in behaviour or behavioural potential produced by experience or practice.
- Everyday Example: Learning to ride a bicycle through repeated practice until it becomes a permanent, automatic skill.
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Nature of Behaviour: Learning vs. Temporary Changes
How do behavioural changes due to learning differ from those caused by fatigue or drugs?
How do behavioural changes due to learning differ from those caused by fatigue or drugs?
DISTINCTION
- Learning:
- Results directly from practice or experience.
- Brings about relatively permanent behavioural changes.
- Temporary Changes:
- Occur entirely due to physiological states (e.g., fatigue, habituation, or drugs).
- Completely disappear once the physiological effect wears out.
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Introduction: Habituation & Orienting Reflexes
What is habituation, how is it related to orienting reflexes, and why is it not considered learning?
What is habituation, how is it related to orienting reflexes, and why is it not considered learning?
DEFINITION
- Definition: A temporary behavioural change characterized by a decrease in response due to continuous, repeated exposure to a stimulus. It typically begins with orienting reflexes (initial, automatic physiological responses like head-turning or alertness to novelty), which gradually weaken and disappear as exposure continues.
- Everyday Example: Instantly turning your head (orienting reflex) when loud marriage music starts next door, but eventually ignoring it entirely (habituation) as the noise persists.
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Also in this chapter
47 more cards to study in Prism
- 4Nature of Learning: Learning vs. Performance
- 5Terminology: Respondent Conditioning
- 6Classical Paradigm: Pavlov's Dog Experiment
- 7Classical Variables: Unconditioned Stimulus & Response
- 8Classical Variables: Conditioned Stimulus & Response
- 9Stimulus Classification: Appetitive vs. Aversive
- 10Temporal Relations: Simultaneous Conditioning
- 11Temporal Relations: Delayed Conditioning
- 12Temporal Relations: Trace Conditioning
- 13Temporal Relations: Backward Conditioning
- 14Operant Paradigm: The Skinner Box Experiment
- 15Operant Variables: The 'Operant'
- 16Operant Variables: The Reinforcer
- 17Reinforcer Types: Primary vs. Secondary
- 18Reinforcement Determinants: Amount vs. Quality
- 19Reinforcement Operations: Positive vs. Negative
- 20Consequence Operations: Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment
- 21Complex Behavior: Shaping
- 22Scheduling: Continuous vs. Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
- 23Paradigm Comparison: Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
- 24Universal Processes: Extinction
- 25Universal Processes: Spontaneous Recovery
- 26Universal Processes: Generalisation vs. Discrimination
- 27Cognitive Impact: Seligman & Maier's Learned Helplessness
- 28Social-Cognitive Paradigm: Bandura's Bobo Doll Study
- 29Cognitive Learning: Kohler's Insight Paradigm
- 30Cognitive Learning: Tolman's Latent Learning & Cognitive Maps
- 31Verbal Materials: Nonsense Syllables
- 32Verbal Methods: Paired-Associates Learning
- 33Verbal Methods: Serial Anticipation
- 34Verbal Methods: Free Recall
- 35Verbal Determinants: Total Time Principle
- 36Verbal Organisation: Bousfield's Category Clustering
- 37Verbal Organisation: Subjective Organisation vs. Category Clustering
- 38Verbal Acquisition: Intentional vs. Incidental Learning
- 39Skill Acquisition (Fitts): 1. Cognitive Phase
- 40Skill Acquisition (Fitts): 2. Associative Phase
- 41Skill Acquisition (Fitts): 3. Autonomous Phase
- 42Skill Learning: Performance Plateau
- 43Learning Facilitators: Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
- 44Biological Constraints: Preparedness for Learning
- 45Transfer Direction: Positive vs. Negative Transfer
- 46Transfer Types: General vs. Specific Transfer
- 47Educational Challenges: Learning Disability
- 48Disability Symptoms: Attentional Deficiency & Hyperactivity
- 49Disability Types: Dyslexia
- 50Disability Symptoms: Spatial and Temporal Challenges
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