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Ch 07 - Thinking11th Psychology

Nature of Thinking

What are the core characteristics of thinking as a cognitive process?

CONCEPT

Thinking is a higher mental process involving the manipulation and analysis of information received from the environment.
It is mostly organized, goal-directed, and operates as an internal process that can only be inferred from overt behavior.

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Inferring Internal Thinking from Overt Behavior

Since thinking is an internal cognitive process, how do psychologists scientifically study or measure it?

APPLICATION

Scenario / Issue: Thinking is a strictly internal mental process that cannot be directly observed or quantified by a psychologist.
Psychological Strategy: Because it is unobservable, psychologists must infer the underlying thought patterns and cognitive strategies solely from the individual's overt behavior (e.g., watching a chess player sit silently for minutes, then inferring their strategy based purely on their final move).

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Building Blocks of Thought: Mental Image

What is a mental image in the context of thinking?

DEFINITION

Definition: A mental representation of a sensory experience used to think about things, places, and events internally.
Everyday Example: Visualizing the exact physical layout of your house while giving a friend directions to your room.

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Also in this chapter

45 more cards to study in Prism

4Building Blocks of Thought: Concept
5Culture and Thinking: Analytical Thinking
6Culture and Thinking: Holistic Thinking
7Nature of Problem Solving
8Obstacles to Problem Solving: Mental Set
9Measuring Mental Set: The Water Bottle Task
10Obstacles to Problem Solving: Functional Fixedness
11Obstacles to Problem Solving: Lack of Motivation
12Reasoning: Deductive Reasoning
13Reasoning: Inductive Reasoning
14Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning
15Reasoning: Analogy
16Cognitive Processes: Judgment
17Cognitive Processes: Decision-Making
18Judgment vs. Decision-Making
19Nature of Creative Thinking
20Jerome Bruner's 'Effective Surprise'
21Everyday Creativity vs. Special Talent Creativity
22Real-Life Creativity: A.D. Karve & Ashish Panwar
23Convergent vs. Divergent Thinking (Guilford)
24Divergent Thinking: Fluency
25Divergent Thinking: Flexibility
26Divergent Thinking: Originality
27Divergent Thinking: Elaboration
28Process of Creative Thinking: Preparation
29Process of Creative Thinking: Incubation
30Process of Creative Thinking: Illumination
31Process of Creative Thinking: Verification
32Edward de Bono's Vertical vs. Lateral Thinking
33Edward de Bono's Six Thinking Hats
34Enhancing Creativity: Osborn's Brainstorming
35Basic Characteristics of Human Language
36Linguistic Competence: Phonology vs. Semantics
37Linguistic Competence: Grammar vs. Pragmatics
38Language Development: Babbling and Echolalia
39Language Development: Holophrases
40Language Development: Telegraphic Speech
41Skinner's Behaviorist View on Language Acquisition
42Chomsky's Nativist View & Universal Grammar
43Piaget's Theory of Thought and Language
44Vygotsky's Theory of Thought and Language
45Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Whorf)
46Language & Emotion: The Mother Tongue
47Bilingualism vs. Multilingualism
48Helen Keller's View on Cognitive Evolution

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11th Psychology

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