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Ch 05 - Molecular Basis of Inheritance12th Biology
Nucleotide Chemical Linkages
How are the three fundamental components of a nucleotide chemically bonded to form a polynucleotide chain?
How are the three fundamental components of a nucleotide chemically bonded to form a polynucleotide chain?
CONCEPT
- N-glycosidic linkage: Bonds the nitrogenous base to the 1' carbon of the pentose sugar, forming a nucleoside.
- Phosphoester linkage: Bonds the phosphate group to the 5' carbon (OH group) of the nucleoside, forming a nucleotide.
- Phosphodiester linkage (3'-5'): Links two consecutive nucleotides. The 3' carbon of one sugar bonds to the 5' phosphate of the next, creating the strong sugar-phosphate backbone.
Prism Memory Hook
N-base to C1 (Glycosidic), P to C5 (Ester), Nucleotides 3 to 5 (Diester).
DNA vs. RNA Structural Stability
From a chemical and structural standpoint, why is DNA a far superior molecule for the long-term storage of genetic information compared to RNA?
From a chemical and structural standpoint, why is DNA a far superior molecule for the long-term storage of genetic information compared to RNA?
DISTINCTION
- Presence of Thymine: DNA uses Thymine (5-methyl uracil) instead of Uracil, which provides additional chemical stability.
- Absence of 2'-OH: RNA has a highly reactive 2'-OH group on every ribose sugar, making it catalytically active (ribozymes), labile, and easily degradable. DNA lacks this oxygen (deoxyribose), making it chemically less reactive.
- Double-stranded Nature: DNA's complementary strands allow for structural stability and support highly efficient DNA repair mechanisms.
Prism Memory Hook
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Discovery of DNA (Nuclein)
Who first identified DNA as an acidic substance in the nucleus, and what name was originally given to it?
Who first identified DNA as an acidic substance in the nucleus, and what name was originally given to it?
FACT
- Friedrich Miescher (1869) was the first to identify DNA as an acidic substance inside the nucleus.
- He originally named it 'Nuclein'.
- Note: Due to technical limitations in isolating such a long, intact polymer, the elucidation of its double-helix structure remained elusive for decades.
Prism Memory Hook
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Also in this chapter
55 more cards to study in Prism
- 4Foundations of the Double Helix Model
- 5Dimensions of the B-DNA Double Helix
- 6Chargaff's Rule of Base Pairing
- 7Standard Genomic Sizes
- 8Length of DNA Double Helix
- 9DNA Packaging in Prokaryotes
- 10Histones and Nucleosome Core
- 11Euchromatin vs. Heterochromatin
- 12Essential Criteria for Genetic Material
- 13Biochemical Nature of Transforming Principle
- 14The RNA World Hypothesis
- 15Griffith's Transforming Principle
- 16The Hershey-Chase Experiment
- 17Hershey-Chase Methodology Steps
- 18Semi-Conservative DNA Replication
- 19Meselson-Stahl Isotope Setup
- 20Meselson-Stahl Density Results
- 21Eukaryotic Semi-Conservative Replication
- 22Nucleic Acid Polymerase Classification
- 23DNA Polymerization Kinetics
- 24Energetics of Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphates
- 25Origin of Replication (ori)
- 26Continuous vs. Discontinuous Synthesis
- 27Central Dogma & Its Exception
- 28Prokaryotic Initiation and Termination
- 29Unidirectional Transcription Logic
- 30Template vs. Coding Strand
- 31Transcription Unit Boundaries
- 32Monocistronic vs. Polycistronic Genes
- 33Evolutionary Significance of Split Genes
- 34Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases
- 35Post-Transcriptional Processing of hnRNA
- 36Deciphering the Genetic Code
- 37Features of the Genetic Code
- 38The Dual Role of AUG Codon
- 39Point vs. Frameshift Mutations
- 40tRNA: The Adapter Molecule
- 41Inducible Regulation of the Lac Operon
- 42Aminoacylation (Charging) of tRNA
- 43The Ribosome as a Catalyst (Ribozyme)
- 44Untranslated Regions (UTRs)
- 45Polysomes (Polyribosomes)
- 46Levels of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
- 47Structural Genes of the Lac Operon
- 48Lac Operon Basal Expression Limit
- 49Lac Operon Inducer Specificity
- 50HGP Methodologies: ESTs vs. Sequence Annotation
- 51Cloning Vectors in the HGP
- 52Salient Features of the Human Genome
- 53HGP: Gene Distribution on Chromosomes
- 54Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
- 55Quantitative Definition of Polymorphism
- 56Satellite DNA Classification & VNTR Size
- 57Biological Basis of DNA Fingerprinting
- 58Steps of DNA Fingerprinting
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