Ch 09 - Biotechnology : Principles and Processes12th Biology
Biotechnology: The EFB Definition & Scope
How does the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) define biotechnology, and how does this definition encompass both traditional and modern processes?
How does the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) define biotechnology, and how does this definition encompass both traditional and modern processes?
- Definition: The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services.
- Significance: It serves as a bridge between modern molecular scale-ups and traditional microbe-mediated processes.
- Classical Example: Traditional processes like bread-making, where the natural rising of dough is driven by the production of gas during anaerobic fermentation by baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Prism Memory Hook
N-O-C-P-M: Natural science + Organisms + Cells + Parts + Molecular analogues.
Pillars of Modern Biotechnology
What are the two core foundational techniques that enabled the birth of modern biotechnology, and what is their functional difference?
What are the two core foundational techniques that enabled the birth of modern biotechnology, and what is their functional difference?
- Genetic Engineering: Techniques utilized to alter the fundamental chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA) to introduce it into host organisms, thereby fundamentally changing the host's phenotype.
- Bioprocess Engineering: The strict maintenance of a sterile (microbial contamination-free) ambience. This enables the exclusive growth of only the desired microbe or eukaryotic cell in massive quantities for manufacturing biotechnological products like vaccines, antibiotics, and enzymes.
Prism Memory Hook
A premium mnemonic for this topic is available in the Prism App.
Fundamental Steps of Genetic Modification
What are the three core, sequential steps involved in successfully creating a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)?
What are the three core, sequential steps involved in successfully creating a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)?
- Identification: Identifying the specific piece of DNA containing the desirable genes.
- Introduction: Physically transferring the identified foreign DNA into a suitable host organism.
- Maintenance & Transfer: Ensuring the introduced DNA is maintained stably within the host and successfully transferred to the host's progeny during reproduction.
Prism Memory Hook
I-I-M: Identify, Introduce, Maintain.
Also in this chapter
39 more cards to study in Prism
- 4Creation of the First Recombinant DNA
- 5Discovery of Molecular Scissors
- 6Bacterial Defense: DNA Methylation
- 7Classes of Nucleases
- 8Biochemical Target of Endonucleases
- 9The First Restriction Endonuclease
- 10Universal Nomenclature of Restriction Enzymes
- 11Palindromes and the Creation of Sticky Ends
- 12Ligase & Alkaline Phosphatase
- 13The Origin of Replication (ori)
- 14Essential Features of an Ideal Cloning Vector
- 15Vectors: Plasmids and Bacteriophages
- 16Function of Selectable Markers
- 17pBR322 Vector: Tetracycline Resistance Sites
- 18Anatomy of the pBR322 Cloning Vector
- 19Function of the 'rop' Gene
- 20PCR Amplification Exponential Yield
- 21Screening via Insertional Inactivation (pBR322)
- 22Blue-White Screening (Chromogenic Substrate)
- 23Disarmed Pathogens as Cloning Vectors
- 24Step 1: Enzymes for Target Cell Lysis
- 25Step 2: Purification and Precipitation of DNA
- 26Principles of Gel Electrophoresis
- 27Visualisation and Elution in Electrophoresis
- 28Nomenclature of Hind III
- 29Invention of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- 30EcoRI Palindromic Recognition Sequence
- 31The Three Core Steps of PCR
- 32Taq Polymerase & Its Cofactor
- 33Transformation vs. Transduction
- 34Chemical Competency & Heat Shock Transformation
- 35Vectorless Gene Transfer Techniques
- 36Industrial Bioreactors: The Stirred-Tank Design
- 37Agrobacterium tumefaciens Mechanism
- 38Simple vs. Sparged Stirred-Tank Bioreactors
- 39Continuous Culture System
- 40Bioreactors: Continuous Culture Systems
- 41Final Stage: Downstream Processing
- 42Microbe-Mediated Processes: Dough Rising
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